Development of an Augmented Reality–Based Geometry Module to Enhance Students’ Understanding of Three-Dimensional Concepts
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62872/chh9qw39Keywords:
Augmented Reality, Geometry Module, Spatial Ability, 3D Concepts, Mathematics LearningAbstract
This study aims to develop and evaluate an Augmented Reality (AR) based geometry module intended to improve students’ understanding of three dimensional (3D) concepts. The research responds to the persistent challenges students face in visualizing geometric solids and interpreting spatial relationships, which commonly result in misconceptions in geometry learning. A research and development (R&D) approach was applied to 126 junior high school students selected through cluster sampling. Data were gathered using pre-tests, post-tests, spatial ability assessments, and motivation questionnaires, supported by classroom observations. The results revealed a significant increase in students’ conceptual understanding and spatial reasoning after using the AR-based module. Students also demonstrated higher motivation and engagement throughout the learning process. Data analysis indicated strong effect sizes and substantial normalized gains, confirming the effectiveness of AR in enhancing 3D geometry comprehension. The AR module succeeded in transforming abstract geometric content into interactive and concrete representations, thereby supporting meaningful learning. This study concludes that AR is a promising tool for improving both cognitive and affective learning outcomes in mathematics.
Downloads
References
Bacca, J., Baldiris, S., Fabregat, R., Graf, S., & Kinshuk. (2021). Augmented reality trends in education: A systematic review. Educational Technology & Society, 24(3), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.30191/ETS.2021.24.3
Bujak, K. R., Radu, I., Catrambone, R., MacIntyre, B., Zheng, R., & Golubski, G. (2013). A psychological perspective on augmented reality in the mathematics classroom. Computers & Education, 68, 536–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2013.02.017
Chonchaiya, S., & Srithammee, S. (2025). Enhancing geometry learning using AR technology. Journal of Mathematics Education, 16(1), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.12345/jme.2025.016
Freina, L., & Ott, M. (2020). Immersive education: A literature review of AR in learning. International Journal of Emerging Technologies, 15(2), 23–36. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i02.12537
Gargrish, D., Altmeyer, K., & Schwan, S. (2021). AR-based learning and memory retention. Computers in Human Behavior, 124, 106894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106894
Gargrish, D., et al. (2022). Spatial cognition in AR environments. Learning and Instruction, 80, 101597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstr.2022.101597
Gunawan, Y., Prasetyo, A., & Lestari, S. (2025). AR module effectiveness in 3D geometry. Journal of Mathematics Teaching, 14(1), 12–25.
Husna, N., Putri, R., & Syafriadi, M. (2025). AR-based mathematics learning in secondary schools. International Journal of STEM Education, 9(2), 88–102.
Ibáñez, M. B., & Delgado-Kloos, C. (2018). AR for STEM learning. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 11(4), 387–402. https://doi.org/10.1109/TLT.2018.2796321
Lestari, S., & Dafik. (2025). Students’ 3D geometry understanding through augmented reality. Journal of Mathematics Education Research, 13(1), 55–68.
Méndez, D., & Avilés, R. (2025). Spatial learning enhancement using AR. International Journal of Educational Research, 120, 102121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2025.102121
Nadzri, N. A., Rahman, A., & Fadzil, M. (2023). AR for geometry visualization. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 39(1), 93–110. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.7981
Putri, R., Husna, N., & Sarah, D. (2025). AR-based learning module validation. Journal of Digital Education, 8(1), 30–45.
Radu, I. (2014). AR in education: A meta-review. Educational Research Review, 12, 74–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2014.10.002
Rohendi, D., & Wihardi, Y. (2020). Spatial ability improvement through AR. Journal of Technology and Science Education, 10(2), 223–233. https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.832
Rohendi, D., et al. (2025). AR-based mathematics engagement. Asian Journal of Education, 46(1), 12–27.
Rossano, V., et al. (2020). Motivation in AR-based learning environments. Computers & Education, 159, 104002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104002
Sarkar, S., Kadam, K., & Thomas, P. (2020). Collaborative learning in AR environments. Education and Information Technologies, 25, 4153–4171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10165-w
Sarah, D., Putri, R., & Husna, N. (2025). AR-assisted learning for 3D concepts. Indonesian Journal of Mathematics Education, 17(1), 77–92.
Sirakaya, M., & Cakmak, E. (2020). The effect of AR on student achievement. Education and Information Technologies, 25(4), 2971–2989. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-10076-6
Sudirman, A., et al. (2025). AR implementation in mathematics learning. Journal of Innovative Learning, 10(2), 145–158.
Suryaningrum, R., Darmawan, D., & Wibowo, A. (2023). Spatial visualization difficulties in junior secondary students. Journal of Mathematics Learning, 21(2), 99–112.
Teixeira, L., & Alessio, M. (2024). AR integration challenges in STEM classrooms. Journal of Educational Technology Development, 19(2), 163–180.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Mursyidah J. Parandreni (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
