The Trend of Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Its Impact on Obesity Risk in Indonesia

Abstract

Ultra-processed foods have become increasingly prevalent within Indonesia’s rapidly modernizing food environment, raising concerns regarding their contribution to the growing burden of obesity. This article synthesizes global and Indonesian evidence to examine trends in ultra-processed food consumption and their impact on obesity risk. Using a mixed-method design integrating a systematic literature review and secondary national data, the study identifies consistent increases in the availability, affordability and marketing of ultra-processed foods across Indonesia. Global and local findings show that diets high in ultra-processed foods are associated with higher body mass index, increased adiposity and greater obesity prevalence. Mechanistic pathways include high energy density, rapid digestibility, disrupted satiety regulation, glycaemic instability, altered hormonal signaling and extensive exposure to food marketing and hyper-palatable products. Structural factors such as urbanization, income disparities, changing household dynamics and modern retail expansion further drive consumption patterns. Although methodological heterogeneity persists across Indonesian studies, the converging evidence underscores the need for comprehensive policy interventions. These include front-of-package warning labels, restrictions on marketing to children, fiscal policies targeting unhealthy products and promotion of healthier, culturally appropriate dietary practices. Strengthening longitudinal research and standardized UPF classification will further support evidence-based policy decisions. Overall, the findings affirm that rising ultra-processed food consumption is an important driver of Indonesia’s obesity epidemic