Protection Of The Rights Of Customary Communities Towards The Use Of Natural Resources From A National Legal Perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62872/t8ja0w57Keywords:
Customary Law Communities, Natural Resources, Customary Rights, National Law, Free Prior Informed ConsentAbstract
Customary law communities are social entities that have existed long before the formation of the Indonesian state and have functional and cosmological relationships with natural resources in their customary territories. Article 18B paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia recognizes and respects the existence of customary law communities and their traditional rights as long as they are alive and in accordance with the development of society and the principles of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. However, this constitutional recognition has not been fully implemented consistently in various sectoral laws and regulations governing the use of natural resources, resulting in overlapping regulations and legal uncertainty. This study aims to examine the form of recognition and legal protection of the rights of customary law communities to natural resources from a national legal perspective, as well as to analyze the challenges and effectiveness of such protection amidst the strong flow of investment and development. This study uses a normative juridical method with a legislative approach, a conceptual approach, and a case approach. The research results show that although the national legal framework, including Constitutional Court Decision Number 35/PUU-X/2012, has provided a strong foundation for the recognition of indigenous peoples' rights to customary forests and other natural resources, its implementation in the field still faces structural, procedural, and political obstacles, including the slow ratification of the Draft Law on Indigenous Peoples and the weak application of the principle of free, prior, and informed consent in the business licensing process in customary areas. This research recommends accelerating the formation of special laws on indigenous peoples, strengthening institutions at the regional level, and internalizing the principle of free consent into all licensing processes for the use of natural resources
Downloads
References
11 Tahun Putusan MK, Pengakuan Wilayah Adat Masih Berbelit. (2024). Betahita.id.
Akbar, M., Permana, M. D., & Rusli, H. (2023). The Progressive Legal Perspective of Legal Justice in Customary Dispute Resolution Related to Natural Resources. Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum Dan Keadilan, 11(2), 225-236. https://doi.org/10.29303/ius.v11i2.1252
Akselerasi Hukum Adat: Penerapan Prinsip Free, Prior, Informed Consent (FPIC) bagi Masyarakat Adat. (2023). Yustitiabelen.
Amnesty International Indonesia. (2022). Apa itu Free, Prior, and Informed Consent?. Diakses dari https://www.amnesty.id.
Analisis Yuridis Prinsip Free, Prior, Informed Consent dalam Penyelenggaraan Kegiatan Pertambangan Minerba di Indonesia. (2025). El-Iqtishady: Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah, 7(2).
Buana, A. P., & Mamonto, M. A. W. W. (2023). The Role of Customary Law in Natural Resource Management: A Comparative Study between Indonesia and Australia. Golden Ratio of Mapping Idea and Literature Format, 3(2), 167-186. https://doi.org/10.52970/grmilf.v3i2.400
Clarke, P., & Jupiter, S. D. (2010). Law, custom and community-based natural resource management in Kubulau District (Fiji). Environmental Conservation, 37(1), 98-106. doi:10.1017/S0376892910000354
Fahmi, C. (2024). The application of international cultural rights in protecting Indigenous peoples’ land property in Indonesia. AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples, 20(1), 157-166. https://doi.org/10.1177/11771801241235261
Gilbert, J. (2023). Creating synergies between international law and rights of nature. Transnational Environmental Law, 12(3), 671-692. doi:10.1017/S2047102523000195
Hukum Properti. (2025). Pengakuan Hutan Adat: Komitmen Negara Terhadap Perlindungan Hak-Hak Masyarakat Hukum Adat di Indonesia. Diakses dari https://hukumproperti.com.
Ikhtisar Putusan Perkara Nomor 35/PUU-X/2012 tentang Pengujian Undang-Undang Nomor 41 Tahun 1999 tentang Kehutanan. (2013). Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia.
Istanto, Y., Surya, F. A., Wardhani, L. C., & Setiyowati, F. J. (2025). The Urgency of Recognizing and Protecting the Rights of Customary Law Communities to Natural Resources in Mining Management: A Review of the Perspective of Islamic Law. Al Maqashidi: Jurnal Hukum Islam Nusantara, 8(1), 117-134. https://doi.org/10.32665/almaqashidi.v8i1.4595
Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia. (2013). Putusan Nomor 35/PUU-X/2012 tentang Pengujian Undang-Undang Nomor 41 Tahun 1999 tentang Kehutanan.
Menguatkan Hak Masyarakat Adat Atas Hutan Adat (Studi Putusan MK Nomor 35/PUU-X/2012). (2013). Jurnal Konstitusi, 10(3).
Pengakuan Dan Perlindungan Hak Atas Tanah Masyarakat Hukum Adat di Kawasan Hutan. (2021). Sekolah Tinggi Pertanahan Nasional.
Pengakuan Dan Perlindungan Terhadap Masyarakat Hukum Adat Dalam Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya Alam di Provinsi Jambi. (2023). Datin Law Jurnal, 4(1), 1–22.
Penguatan Prinsip Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) dalam Perlindungan Hak Tanah Masyarakat Adat. (2024). BHL Jurnal.
Peran Pengadilan dalam Perlindungan Masyarakat Adat Melalui Penerapan Prinsip Free, Prior, Informed Consent. (2025). Hukumonline.com.
Perlindungan Dan Pengakuan Hak Ulayat Masyarakat Adat. (2022). Rule of Law Review (RLR) Journal.
Prasetia, R. (2023). LEGAL PROTECTION OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE'S RIGHTS IN THE UTILIZATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES. Communale Journal, 1(3), 204-214. https://doi.org/10.22437/communale.v1i3.30356
Republik Indonesia. (1945). Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.
Republik Indonesia. (1960). Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-Pokok Agraria. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1960 Nomor 104.
Republik Indonesia. (1999). Undang-Undang Nomor 41 Tahun 1999 tentang Kehutanan, sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2023.
Republik Indonesia. (2009). Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup.
Republik Indonesia. (2014). Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Desa.
Republik Indonesia. (2020). Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja.
Republik Indonesia. (2021). Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 22 Tahun 2021 tentang Penyelenggaraan Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup.
Republik Indonesia. (2023). Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2023 tentang Penetapan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja Menjadi Undang-Undang.
Sahkan RUU Masyarakat Adat. (2026). Free Prior Informed Consent (FPIC) bagi Masyarakat Adat. Diakses dari https://sahkanruumasyarakatadat.id.
Sempo, V. (2024). Hak Masyarakat Hukum Adat di Tengah Modernisasi Ditinjau dari Pasal 18B Ayat (2) Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. Lex Privatum.
Tan, D. (2021). Metode Penelitian Hukum: Mengupas dan Mengulas Metodologi dalam Menyelenggarakan Penelitian Hukum. NUSANTARA: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial, 8(8).
