Differences in Adaptive and Maladaptive Coping Strategies Between Adolescents with and Without a History of Self-Harm at SMAN 1 and SMAN 2 Bangkinang Kota, Kampar Regency
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62872/9144h398Keywords:
adolescent, self-harm, adaptive coping, maladaptive copingAbstract
Adolescent self-harm is a mental health problem associated with ineffective stress management. This study aimed to determine differences in adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies between adolescents with and without a history of self-harm at SMAN 1 and SMAN 2 Bangkinang Kota, Kampar Regency. A comparative analytic cross-sectional design was used involving 248 respondents, consisting of 124 adolescents with a history of self-harm and 124 without such history, selected using purposive sampling. Coping strategies were measured using the Brief COPE questionnaire and grouped into adaptive and maladaptive coping. The results showed that the adaptive coping score was 36.2 ± 7.8 in the self-harm group and 37.1 ± 7.2 in the non-self-harm group, with p = 0.182. Maladaptive coping scores were 22.9 ± 6.1 and 18.4 ± 5.3, respectively, with p < 0.001. In conclusion, there was a significant difference in maladaptive coping, but not in adaptive coping. These findings highlight the importance of school-based nursing interventions to reduce maladaptive coping among adolescents at risk of self-harm.
Downloads
References
Apicella, M., Pontillo, M., Maglio, G., Di Vincenzo, C., Della Santa, G., Andracchio, E., & Vicari, S. (2025). Non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents: A clinician's guide to understanding the phenomenon, diagnostic challenges, and evidence-based treatments. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1605508
Babaeifard, M., Akbari, M., Mohammadkhani, S., Hasani, J., Shahbazian, R., & Selby, E. (2024). Early maladaptive schemas, distress tolerance and self-injury in Iranian adolescents: Serial mediation model of transdiagnostic factors. BJPsych Open, 10. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2024.708
Bradley, H., Orchard, F., & Matcham, F. (2025). Historical nonsuicidal self-injury and current coping strategies: The role of emotion regulation. Personality and Mental Health, 19. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmh.70035
Carver, C. S. (1997). You Want To Measure Coping But Your Protocol's Too Long: Consider The Brief COPE. Int J Behav Med 4(1):92-100. doi: 10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16250744/
Changminghao, Liu, W., Liu, Z., Zhang, F., & Cheng, W. (2025). Latent profiles of coping styles and their associations with non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents with social anxiety disorder. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 2497–2506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-025-02660-6
Escofet-Colet, I., Casadó-Marín, L., Orós-Navas, L., & Raventós-Torner, R.-D. (2025). Non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents: A systematic review on prevention and intervention programmes. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 38. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcap.70039
Giordano, A., Prosek, E., Schmit, E., & Schmit, M. (2022). Examining coping and nonsuicidal self-injury among adolescents: A profile analysis. Journal of Counseling & Development. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12459
Kpeno et all. (2024). Problem-Solving and Coping Skills Training for Youth with Deliberate Self-Harm Behaviors: A Scoping Review. Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Volume 20, Issue 4. https://doi.org/10.1177/09731342241278964
Kudinova, A., Brick, L., Armey, M., & Nugent, N. (2023). Micro-sequences of anger and shame and non-suicidal self-injury in youth: An ecological momentary assessment study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 65, 137–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13869
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.
Lee, J.-S., Kim, S., Lee, J.-H., Kim, J.-W., Yoo, J., Han, D., Hwang, H., Choi, C.-H., & Seo, D. (2024). A latent profile analysis on adolescents' non-suicidal self-injury related to intrapersonal and interpersonal factors. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-024-00801-4
Li, Y., Wan, Z., Gong, X., Wen, L., Sun, T., Liu, J., Xie, X., Zhang, C., & Cai, Z. (2024). The association between child maltreatment, cognitive reappraisal, negative coping styles, and non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents with major depressive disorder. BMC Psychiatry, 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-06041-2
Liu, L., Hu, X., Xie, H., Hu, C., Zhou, D., Zhang, J., Kong, Y., & Cheng, F. (2024). The influence of parenting styles and coping strategies on anxiety symptoms in adolescents: A comparative study of groups with and without non-suicidal self-injury behavior. PeerJ, 12. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18378
Liu, Y.-D., Liu, Y., Zhou, R., & Hou, C. (2026). The relationship between childhood trauma and non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents with depressive disorders: The mediating role of alexithymia and coping strategies. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1744863
López-Martínez, L.-F., Carretero, E., Carrasco, M., & Pérez-García, A. (2025). Self-regulation, emotional symptomatology, substance use, and social network addiction in adolescent self-harm. Behavioral Sciences, 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030257
Nawaz et all. (2024). Review: Interventions To Prevent Or Manage Self-Harm Among Students In Educational Settings - A Systematic Review. Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2024 Feb;29(1):56-69. doi: 10.1111/camh.12634. Epub 2023 Jan 10. PMID: 36625166.
Otto, A., Jacob, R., Jarvers, I., Kandsperger, S., & Brunner, R. (2026). Relationship between emotional competence, dissociative symptoms and borderline personality disorder traits in female adolescents engaging in non-suicidal self-injury. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-026-01067-8
Otto, A., Jarvers, I., Kandsperger, S., Reichl, C., Ando, A., Koenig, J., Kaess, M., & Brunner, R. (2023). Stress-induced alterations in resting-state functional connectivity among adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury. Journal of Affective Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.032
Peng, B., Liao, J., Li, Y., Jia, G., Yang, J., Wu, Z., Zhang, J., Yang, Y.-C., Luo, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Pan, J. (2023). Personality characteristics, defense styles, borderline symptoms, and non-suicidal self-injury in first-episode major depressive disorder. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.989711
Petti, T., & A, C. (2024). A narrative approach to understanding and using the role of hope in adolescent and emerging adult non-suicidal self-injury. Psychology & Psychological Research International Journal. https://doi.org/10.23880/pprij-16000409
Qian, H., Shu, C., Feng, L., Guo, Y., & Wang, G. (2022). Childhood maltreatment, stressful life events, cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents and young adults with first-episode depressive disorder: Direct and indirect pathways. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.838693
Ruan, Q.-N., & Yan, W.-J. (2025). Reframing adolescent self-harm as a functional continuum. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1724449
Saarijärvi, P., Salmivalli, C., Helmi, S., & Karukivi, M. (2023). Early maladaptive schemas are associated with self-injury thoughts and behavior in adolescents. BMC Psychiatry, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-05127-7
Schmied et all. (2024). You’re Not Alone: Imagery Rescripting For Adolescents Who Self-Harm. Front. Psychol. 15:1395603. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1395603
Serrano et all. (2025). Improving The Comparability Of Brief-Cope Results Through Examination Of Second-Order Structures: A Study With Spanish Adolescents. Behav. Psychol. 2021, 29(2), 437-454. https://doi.org/10.51668/bp.8321213n
Wang, B., Chen, L., Hu, C., Hu, Z., Zhang, W., Cheng, F., & Liu, L. (2025). Parenting styles and adolescent coping methods: A comparative study of non-suicidal self-injury and distinct groups. BMC Psychiatry, 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-07042-5
Wang, Y., Wang, T., Wang, J., Zeng, L., Li, G., Li, J., Zhou, Y., & Wang, Y. (2024). The school bullying victimization in adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury: The role of coping strategies and emotion regulation. Stress and Health. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3506
Xiao, Q.-Y., Song, X., Huang, L., Hou, D., & Huang, X. (2022). Global prevalence and characteristics of non-suicidal self-injury between 2010 and 2021 among a non-clinical sample of adolescents: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.912441
Yang, C., Zhou, R., Liu, Y.-D., Wang, S., Hou, C., & Jia, F.-J. (2025). The association between family function and adolescents' non-suicidal self-injury behaviors—Is Chinese culture involved? Frontiers in Psychiatry, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1522975
Yonoati et all. (2024). Gambaran Perilaku Self-Harmsebagai Bentuk Emotion-Focused Coping Pada Remaja Akhir. HUMANITIS: Jurnal Humaniora, Sosial dan BisnisVol. 3 No. 2Agustus 2025, hal. 534-552. e-ISSN:2988-6287
Zadehparizi, R., & Kianimoghadam, A. (2024). Differences between networks of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in medical students with and without a history of non-suicidal self-injury. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 13. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_1621_23
Zaini, Z., Johari, K. K., & Amat, M. I. (2021). Family environment and coping skills for self-injurious behavior and suicide attempt among adolescents. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v11-i9/10798
Zhang, C., Qu, D., Chong, D., Lei, C., Shen, Y., Cui, X., He, Y., Li, Y., Ou, J., & Chen, R. (2025). Brief digital psychological intervention to prevent relapse of non-suicidal self-injury behavior in adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70054
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Alini Alini, Faridah Mohd Said, Nia Aprilla, Bri Nofrika (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
